The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) promotes the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) and ensures the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity. This legally binding treaty is essential for food security and sustainable agriculture, facilitating the continuous exchange of PGRFA through a Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing among countries.

The ITPGRFA's strategic plan focuses on strengthening global cooperation for the conservation of plant genetic resources, improving crop adaptability to environmental changes and future human needs. The Multilateral System (MLS) facilitates access to plant genetic resources and related information for research, training, and breeding purposes. The Treaty’s Benefit-sharing Fund supports initiatives aimed at addressing food insecurity and climate change impacts, particularly accelerating conservation and use of plant genetic resources in developing countries.

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The Convention’s mission is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world”.The Convention was adopted in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 and came into force in 1975. Since then, almost 90% of UN member states, from all the world’s geographic regions, have acceded to become “Contracting Parties”. As of September 2024, there are 172 contracting parties, with a total of 2,523 wetlands designated, covering an area of 257,314,434 hectares. The Fourth Ramsar Strategic Plan (2016–2024) was adopted at COP12 in 2015 and outlines a vision for wetlands conservation and wise use. It consists of four overarching goals and 19 specific targets aimed at halting and reversing global wetland loss and degradation. These targets are aligned with broader global frameworks, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets 

In 2022, the Strategic Plan was updated to incorporate new elements. Key updates include:

Mapping the Ramsar targets with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to address new biodiversity goals.

Adding three thematic annexes covering actions to support SDG implementation, communication strategies, and gender considerations​

Desertification, along with climate change and the loss of biodiversity, were identified as the greatest challenges to sustainable development during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Established in 1994, UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. The UNCCD is the only legally binding framework set up to address desertification and the effects of drought. There are 197 Parties to the Convention, including 196 country Parties and the European Union. The Convention – based on the principles of participation, partnership and decentralization – is a multilateral commitment to mitigate the impact of land degradation, and protect our land so we can provide food, water, shelter and economic opportunity to all people.  The objective of this Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa, through effective action at all levels, supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements, in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistent with Agenda 21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected areas.

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), or the Bonn Convention, was adopted in 1979 to increase cooperation to maintain and enhance the ecological connectivity of transboundary habitats, cross-border protected areas, and vulnerable ecosystems along the migratory ranges of specific species. It aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. Parties to the CMS work together to conserve migratory species and their habitats by providing strict protection for the most endangered migratory species, by concluding regional multilateral agreements for the conservation and management of specific species or categories of species, and by undertaking co-operative research and conservation activities. The new SAMARKAND STRATEGIC PLAN FOR MIGRATORY SPECIES 2024-2032 was adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its 14th Meeting (Samarkand, February 2024). Six Goals are set out below to achieve the Vision of the SPMS. Each of the Goals will be achieved through the fulfilment of the related Targets. Goals and Targets are formulated in such a way as to enable baselines to be readily established, and to facilitate monitoring that effectively tracks the impact of actions in progressing towards achieving the SPMS Goals by 2032.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted during the fifteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 15) after a four-year process of consultation and negotiation. This landmark Framework, which contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and builds on the Convention’s previous Strategic Plans, outlines an ambitious path towards realizing the global vision of a world living in harmony with nature by 2050. The Framework's key components include four goals for 2050 and 23 targets for 2030. The vision of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is a world of living in harmony with nature where “by 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”